Gender bias

• 'Gendered institutions' (both traditional and formal)
• 'Gendered' division of labor
• (myth of) 'household unity'--disaggregating poor households by gender
• 'Statistical invisibility'--how/why are women statistically 'invisible?' (participation in economic sectors--formal [taxed], informal, domestic, volunteer)
• Assumptions about economic participation--agriculture, factory work, domestic sector of the economy

Gender and poverty

• Are poor women poorer than poor men?
• Different dimensions of poverty (structural, as process, time/human/income)
• Access issues ('gendered institutions?')
  • Formal education
  • mobility
  • work and technology
  • factors of production (land, labor, capital)
  • . . . development?

Evolution of women and development as a movement

Different professional perspectives

• Scholars--empirical research --state of knowledge, outcome/evaluation research
• Practitioners--working on the ground, for development agencies, governments, etc.
• Advocates--working for change in various ways (politicians, policymakers, movement activists, etc.)
• Different functions, some overlap--but they're all seeing different parts of the picture

Different phases in a 'movement'

• WID

• health and 'home economics,' more resembling welfare--women as passive recipients
• 'compartmentalized' approach
• income, anti-povertyprograms as the route to empowerment
• focused on outcomes
• role of the 'market'
• GAD
  • greater emphasis on gender, politics, power--women as active participants
  • 'mainstreaming' orientation
  • process-driven
  • equity vs welfare
  • role of the 'state'
• WED
  • Women's traditional roles in environment, resource use, connection to the land
  • Sustainability
  • population and environment
  • access and other rights to use, manage resources